| National Palace of Belém (Palácio Nacional de Belém) | |
| Palace (Palácio) | |
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The main façade of the Palace of Belém, official residence of the Portuguese President
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| Official name: Palácio Nacional de Belém | |
| Name origin: belém Portuguese for Bethlehem; named after the civil parish on which it is situated, Santa Maria de Belém | |
| Country | Portugal |
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| Region | Lisbon |
| Sub-region | Grande Lisboa |
| District | Lisbon |
| Municipality | Lisbon |
| Location | Santa Maria de Belém |
| - elevation | 16 m (52 ft) |
| - coordinates | |
| Length | 172 m (564 ft), Southwest-Northeast |
| Width | 187.5 m (615 ft), Northwest-Southeast |
| Architects | João Pedro Ludovice, Mateus Vicente de Oliveira, Rafael da Silva Castro, Rosendo Carvalheira, Luís Benavente, João de Almeida, João Luís Carrilho da Graça |
| Styles | Mannerism, Baroque |
| Materials | Mixed masonry, Limestone, Marble, Stucco, Azulejo |
| Origin | 18th century |
| - Initiated | c. 1726 |
| - Completion | fl. 1754 |
| Owner | Portuguese Republic |
| For public | Public |
| Visitation | Closed (Mondays and on 1 January, 22-24 April, 1 May and 24-25 December) |
| Easiest access | Praça Afonso de Albuquerque |
| Management | Presidência da República |
| Operator | Museu da Presidência da República |
| Saturday | 10:00 a.m.-5:30 p.m. |
| Sunday | 2:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m. |
| Museum (Tue.-Sun.) | 10:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. |
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Location of the Belém Tower within the municipality of Lisbon
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| Wikimedia Commons: Palácio Nacional de Belém (Lisboa) | |
| Website: http://www.presidencia.pt/?idc=15 | |
The Belém National Palace, or alternately National Palace of Belém, (Portuguese: Palácio Nacional de Belém) has, overtime, been the official residence of Portuguese monarchs and, after the installation of the First Republic, the Presidents of the Portuguese Republic. Located in the civil parish of Santa Maria de Belém, the palace is located on a small hill that fronts the Praça Afonso de Albuquerque, near the historical centre of Belém and the Monastery of the Jeronimos, close to the waterfront of the Tagus River. The five buildings that makeup the main façade of the Palace date back to the second half of the 17th century, and were built at a time when, more and more, the monarchy and nobility were escaping the urbanized confines of Lisbon.
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The site originated from the Outeiro das Vinhas, a property that fronted the beach of the Tagus River.[1] It was King Manuel I of Portugal, the Renaissance gentleman scholar, who acquired the land, which he named Quinta de Belém in 1559, constructing a building with three salons and two atriums.[1] By the mid-seventeenth century the property was linked to a scion of the Royal Court, consequently transferred to the possession of the Counts of Aveiras and occupied by a convent.[2]
The land was later acquired by King John V, who ordered its re-construction in 1726.[3] It encompassed two parcels, the Quinta de Baixo and Quinta do Meio, which the monarch purchased from João da Silva Telo, 3rd Count of Aveiros the space for 200,000cruzados, in addition to the contiguous farmlands of the Counts of São Lourenço with the objective of constructing a summer home.[3][4][2][1] Although it is unclear when the first building was completed, it was likely to have occurred shortly after its original construction start, since by 1754 Queen Maria Anna of Austria had already died in the residence.[4]
During the aftermath of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, it was determined that there was superficial damage and no fear of collapse, but there were a number of repairs completed between 1755 and 1756.[4] Under the architect João Pedro Ludovice[3], the Casa Real de Campo de Belém or Palácio das Leoneiras(Royal House of Belém Field or Palace of the Leoneiras, respectively) was cleaned-up: the tile work replaced and the greenhouses and stables were repaired.[4] Similarly, around 1770 reconstruction of the total estate was made under the direction of architect Mateus Vicente de Oliveira.[3] This was the beginning of several small projects within the residence, that included: the painting of the Sala das Bicas; the replacement of azulejo along the southern veranda (1778); construction of the birdhouses (1780); and the beginning of the construction of the Neoclassical horse training space (today in the space occupied by the National Coach Museum) by Italian Giacomo Azzolini (1828).[2][4][1]
After 1807, with the departure of the Royal Family for Brazil, the furniture and artwork are removed from the palace, and the building is abandoned until the end of the Liberal Wars.[2][4]
By 1839, the palace was once again being used to hold Royal balls, and served as the temporary residence for visiting royal dignitaries.[2][4] In 1840, during the extensive renovations being completed in the Palace of Necessidades, the Royal Family returned to Belém.[4] The family resided in the Palace during the decade; the Infanta Antónia was even born in the palace (1845), and it was the centre of the Belenzada.[4][1] By 1850, new renovations of the grande ballroom were completed, that permitted Queen Maria II to receive Portuguese society, and by 1860, the Infanta Antónia married Prince Leopold, Prince of Hohenzollern in the same space.[2][4] In November 1861, the Infante Augusto died, followed closely (on Christmas) by the Infante João. A succession of deaths forced the Royal Family to abandon the Palace, once again becoming a residence for visiting dignitaries.[4] This change was also superseeded by small repairs to the building, which included new lighting and the canalization of gas.[4]
In 1886, new public works were completed under the orders of King Carlos, under the direction of architect Rafael de Silva Castro and decorated by Leandro Braga, Columbano and João Vaz, to be the residence after his marriage with Princess Amélie of Orléans.[2][3][4] The two Princes, the Prince Royal Luís Filipein 1887 and Manuel in 1889.[4]
By the end of the century, the Palace of the Cortes was remodelled by Ventura Terra.[4]
Between 1902 and 1903, the remodelling of the interior spaces under Rosendo Carvalheira was undertaken, with the additional construction of a visitors house on the north walk of the Pátio das Damas, to receive the delegations of visiting guests.[3][4][1] This addition was inaugurated on the visit of the King of Spain, Alfonso XIII on his state visit to Portugal at the end of 1903. The following year the training stables are separated from the Palace, and destined to shelter the National Coach Museum.[4]
By royal decree, and published in the Diário do Governo (4 September), the Palace ceases to operate as a Royal Residence, and passed onto the Treasury, for the "accommodation of heads of state, princes and foreign missions that come on an official visit to Lisbon, leaving for that purpose by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs".[3][4][1]
Following the 5 October 1910 Revolution, on 24 August 1911, the Secretaria-Geral da Presidência da República (Secretary-General of the Presidency) moves into the Palace, since article 45 of the Constitution prohibited the Chief of State from occupying a residence in properties held by the State.[2][4] A loophole in the document, permitted the 28 June 1912 Government authorization to rent an annex alongside the Palace, for 100,000 réis monthly to house the first President Manuel de Arriaga, who eventually preferred to live in his local residence and work at the palace.[2][4] This policy of renting the space continued throughout the period of the First Republic.[4]
After the assassination of President Sidónio Pais in the Rossio Train Station, the ex-President's body lay in state in the Sala Luís XV (Luís XV Hall), until its burial.[2][4]
On 24 March 1928, the official residency statute for the President of the Republic was defined.[4] The law, specified that the President and his family would be permitted to reside in one of the national palaces. At the time of the promulgation General Óscar Carmona decided to reside in the Citadel of Cascais, leaving the Palace of Belém for ceremonial affairs, official meetings, receptions and other formal occasions.[4] On the occasion of the projected visit of the King of Spain, the Palace underwent several renovations, although in the end the monarch did not appear.
In 1936, the main staircase was expanded by António Lino and concluded by Cristino da Silva.[4]
During the term of General Francisco Craveiro Lopes (1951-1952) the Arrábida wing was remodelled to serve as the residence of the President of the Republic.[2][4]
In 1967, the property was finally classified as a IIP - Imóvel de Interesse Público (Property of Public Interest), by decree 47-508, published in the Diário do Governo on 24 January 1967.[4]
As a result of the 1969 earthquake, the Palace underwent repairs.[4]
After the Carnation Revolution, the palace was transformed into the headquarters of power and centre of decision-making and political meetings of the Junta de Salvação Nacional (National Salvation Junta).[2][4][1] It also experienced the traumas of the new democracy with the counter-revolutionary attempts by António Spínola and Francisco da Costa Gomes.[1] As in the previous administrations, Belém underwent new renovations in the Arrábida wing in order to accommodate the demands of the President and his family. But, while some Presidents resided in Belém, others (such as Mário Soares and Jorge Sampaio) used it merely as a workplace, living in their private residences during their terms.[4]
Between 1980 and 1985, the main dining hall was used to exhibit the gifts received by the Chief of State.[2][1]
In 1998, the construction of the Centro de Documentação e Informação (Documentation and Information Centre), was begun by architect João Luís Carrilho da Graça, winner of a public competition promoted by the Secretary-General of the Presidency.[3][4]
President Jorge Sampaio commissioned painter Paula Rego to paint a series of paintings to decorate the walls of the Palace chapel in 2002. The painter eventually gifted her works entitled "Ciclo da Vida da Virgem Maria e da Paixão de Jesus Cristo" (Cycle of Life of the Virgin Mary and the Passion of Jesus Christ".[4] The early exhibitions and Presidential iniatives would lead to the inauguaration of the 5 October 2004 Presidential Museum (Portuguese: Museu da Presidência da República).[4] Similarly, the King D. Luís I Painting Gallery was the setting for the exposition "Do Palácio de Belém" (2005) that presented the history, architecture and artistic works that have occupied the spaces of the palace.[4]
On 10 March 2006, a Ministry of Cultura dispatch reclassified the Palace into a National Monument, to include the Palace, gardens, Museum of the Presidency and other annexes.
The Palace is located in an urban environment, isolated behind a wall and formal gardens, on a elevated space in the historical quarter of Santa Maria de Belém. With this southern façade, it fronts the Rua de Belém, across from the Praça Afonso de Albuquerque (the old Praça D. Fernando II), while the eastern façade fronts the Calçada da Ajuda separated by the Patio das Damas (in front of the Luís de Camões Theatre), alongside the Coach Museum (Portuguese: Museu dos Coches). The remainder of the eastern and northern limits of the Palace follow the Calçada da Ajuda and includes the barracks of the 2nd Regimental Lancers, while the western limits fronts the Colonial Tropical Gardens (Portuguese: Jardim Tropical Ultramar). Access to the Palace is made from Rua de Belém at the main gate and ramp (guarded by military sentries), that ends at the lateral façade, called the Pátio dos Bichos (Animals' Patio). Flanking the southern entrance are buildings for the post office and 26th Squadron of the Polícia de Segurança Pública - PSP (police).
Belém Palace is a "L" shape building, with the main space located in a rectangular three-volume space in the south façade.[4] This front, which faces the formal gardens, presents a space of five bodies, flanked by wedges surmounted by pinnacles.[4] A combination of Mannerist and Baroque styles, has a central body with floor level arcades, over a collonade gallery surmounted by a triangular pediment decorated in stucco.[4]
The two outside blocks are farther in front then the main building, forming a terrace delimited by balusters and accessible by lateral staircases. The top of these lateral walls are topped by twelve panels of monochromatic azulejo tile. On the veranda are 14 azulejo panels representing figures from mythology, with many showing the "Labours of Hercules", including "Plutão e Cérbero" (Plutoand Cerberus), "Vénus" (Venus), "Neptuno" (Neptune), "Hércules" (Hercules), "Hércules e a égua de Diómedes" (Hercules and the Mares of Diomedes), "Figura masculina" (Masculine figure), "Figura masculina com arco e flechas" (Masculine figure with bow and arrow), two panels of "Figura feminina" (Female figure), "Hércules e a ave de Estinfália" (Hercules and the Stymphalian birds), "Figura masculina com machado" (Masculine figure with hoe), "Hércules e a serpente de Ládon" (Hercules and the serpent Ladon), "Hércules e o touro de Creta" (Hercules and the Cretan Bull), "Hércules e a Hidra de Lerna" (Hercules and the Lernaean Hydra). In addition, two rows of tiles with geometric patterns and acanthus leaves.[4]
The eastern façade, which fronts the Pátio das Damas (Lady's Patio), is animated by two levels of windows and portal.[4] The western wing is served from the Pátio dos Bichos (Animals' Patio), where a gated entrance and ramp provides access to the principal staircase via an elevated space that overlooks the Jardim da Cascata (Falls Garden).[4] The space was resurfaced and re-paved with stone at the beginning of the 21st century.[5]
Immediately in front of the palace (fronting the Rua de Belém) are the formal gardens. Of a 18th century design, they consist of a terrace enclosed by a balustrade adorned with statues and interecting pattern of hedges around three circular ponds. In the Jardim da Cascata (in the northwest corner of the grounds) there are three pavillions (greenhouses) of capstone topped by a decorative railing, with vases and statues.[4] Inserted within a rounded-arch is a falls, adorned by a statue of Hercules.[4]
In the central pavilion are six azulejo panels forming a figuarative composition, completed in the 19th century. The central composition is in black and white, while the trim is polychromatic: yellow, green and manganese plant ornamentation. These panels include: an "Outdoor Scene", "Two female figures and a male figure in the park, with fruit basket", "Standing female figure gives an apple to a male figure", a "Backgammon game", "Music in the Garden" and "Music in the Garden, with harpsichord and violin".[4]
The main space is highlighted by a linear sequence of rooms designed along the south elevation, and dominated by the Sala das Bicas, a grande vestibule paved in marble. The ceiling is panelled around an allegorical composition around Flora and 18th century polychromatic azulejo ashlars, completed in the last quarter of that century. In the space one can observed two round, marble fountains along one wall, with the heads of lions, which gave the space its names. In addition, the space is surrounded by eight jasper busts on plinths, representing Roman emporers.[4]
In the Sala Dourada or Salão de Baile (Golden Room or Ballroom, respectively) the ceiling is pannelled with a central allegory of the Roman Empire, with murals and crown moulding medallions in a neo-Pompeian motif.[4]
The Sala Luís XV (Louis XVth Room), also pannelled, is highlighted by a series of paintings surmounted two shields of the House of Braganza and Orléans.[4]
The rectangular chapel, with smooth walls and wood paneling Capela, is occupied by a Neoclassical retable in gold-leaf wood, with a painting by André Reinoso representing the "A Adoração dos Pastores" (The Adoration of the Shepards).[6] The vaulted ceiling is decorated with a profusion of decorative motifs in a "ferronneire" similar to those found in the Sala Dourada.[4] On the walls are paintings over pastel by the artist Paula Rego (1935), representing the "Ciclo da Vida da Virgem Maria e da Paixão de Jesus Cristo" (Circle of Life of the Virgin Mary and the Passion of Christ).[4]
In addition, there are other rooms of interest, such as the Sala das Sessões of the Câmara dos Deputados and the Sala dos Passos Perdidos (or Salão Nobre), among others.
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